Emotional Disorders in Adolescents
In recent years, depression has become increasingly common among children and adolescents, with symptoms appearing at younger ages. Common mental health conditions in this age group include depression and anxiety disorders. Young people experiencing severe emotional distress may engage in self-harm, and some cases of adolescent suicide are associated with mental health conditions.
What Are the Symptoms of Depression in Adolescents?
As with adults, the main symptom of depression in adolescents is persistent low mood. Other symptoms may include:
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Irritability or frequent outbursts of anger
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Loss of interest in most activities
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Significant changes in appetite or weight
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Insomnia or excessive sleeping
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Tiredness or lack of energy
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Slowed thinking or movements
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Difficulty concentrating
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Excessive guilt or feelings of hopelessness
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Thoughts or acts of self-harm
Some young people may experience more severe symptoms, such as delusions or hallucinations.
Compared with adults, adolescents may find it more difficult to express their emotional difficulties. Their symptoms may instead become apparent through changes in daily life, such as declining academic performance, reluctance or refusal to attend school, and difficulties in relationships.
What Causes Depression?
Depression is influenced to some extent by genetic factors. However, having a family history of depression only increases a person’s likelihood of developing the condition; it does not mean that depression will necessarily be inherited.
Environmental and psychological factors may also contribute, including family relationship difficulties, a lack of social support, major life stress or changes, and persistent negative patterns of thinking.
How Are Emotional Disorders in Adolescents Treated?
Treating depression and other emotional disorders in adolescents often requires a comprehensive approach. This may include:
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Listening to and understanding the young person’s difficulties
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Providing support, empathy and reassurance
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Improving family relationships
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Strengthening their social support network
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Using cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to help modify unhelpful patterns of thinking and behaviour
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Considering antidepressant medication for some adolescents with more severe symptoms
Treatment should be tailored to the young person’s needs following an assessment by a qualified healthcare professional.