飲食障礙綜合診所
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that begins early in life. Signs usually appear before the age of three and may persist into adulthood, affecting different aspects of a child’s development.
Children with ASD may experience varying degrees of difficulty with social interaction and communication, together with restricted or repetitive patterns of behaviour. Epidemiological studies suggest that approximately one in every 100 children has ASD. It is diagnosed around four to five times more often in boys than in girls.
In the past, a range of diagnostic terms were used, including autism, Asperger’s syndrome, high-functioning autism, autistic traits, atypical autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). These different terms could be confusing for parents. Following revisions to the diagnostic criteria, these conditions are now generally grouped under the term autism spectrum disorder.
Every child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents differently, and their behaviours and needs can vary considerably. Common clinical features may include:
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May appear less responsive or more passive than other children of the same age
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Prefers playing alone
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Has difficulty sharing with others or developing friendships
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May find it difficult to understand or respond to other people’s feelings
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Delayed language development
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Difficulty understanding or using words appropriately
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Difficulty using non-verbal communication
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Limited eye contact during conversations
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Speech that may sound unusually formal, repetitive or have an unusual tone
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Strong preference for rules, routines and familiar ways of doing things
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Difficulty adapting to unexpected changes
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Inflexible behaviour that may sometimes lead to conflict with others
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May develop an intense interest in particular subjects, such as bus routes, traffic signs, MTR station names, maps, calendars, dinosaurs, space, animals or plants
How Does Autism Spectrum Disorder Affect Children?
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that may continue to affect a child as they grow. It can have a significant impact on parent–child relationships, peer relationships, school life and adjustment within the wider community.
However, every child with ASD has different strengths and needs. Early identification and appropriate support or training may help improve the child’s overall development and functioning.
What Causes Autism Spectrum Disorder?
The exact causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are not yet fully understood. However, it is generally believed to result from a complex combination of genetic and other biological factors. Siblings of children with ASD have a higher likelihood of also having the condition than children in the general population.
Extensive research has found no association between the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism spectrum disorder.
How Can Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Be Supported?
Support for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) primarily involves educational and behavioural interventions tailored to their individual needs. These interventions aim to develop effective social and communication skills and improve their ability to manage daily life and participate in the community.
Can Autism Spectrum Disorder Be Treated with Medication?
There is currently no medication that can cure autism spectrum disorder or directly eliminate its core social and communication difficulties. However, medication may be used to manage certain associated symptoms or behaviours, such as aggression, self-injury, emotional distress, repetitive or compulsive behaviours, hyperactivity, attention difficulties and sleep problems.
Managing these symptoms may help a child participate more effectively in education, behavioural interventions and daily activities. Any medication should be prescribed following an individual assessment by a qualified doctor.